Friday, September 26, 2014

The Rabbi who found Messiah

The Goddess Rosary; ref. Prayers on this page: The Goddess Rosary More on the Rosary & 4-Part Godhead YHVH Glory Be YHVH Prayer Song 2 Special Hail Marys The Morning Glory

Northernway.org

The Glory Be
(also called Y H V H Prayer-Song)
By Katia Romanoff
This can be prayed on a rosary or prayer rope.  The Glory Be is to be said when you finger the wire/string that comes right before the large single beads. Those large beads, by the way, are called Pater Noster beads, meaning Our Father, because the regular Rosary has you say the Lord's Prayer, also called the Our Father, while fingering them. (On some Rosaries the single beads are not made larger, so you just know them because they're single---set apart from----the groups of ten little beads, called decades.)
On wire before large single beads:
Say one Glory Be as follows:
Glory Be to the Father, to the Mother,
And to the Sacred Son,
And to the Lady Holy Spirit
They are the Four-in-One
As it was in the Beginning
Is Now and ever Shall Be
World without End
Age to Ages, say Amen
(Try singing the above two stanzas in your head to the tune of that old hippy song, "What's your Name? Who's your Daddy? Is he rich, is he rich like me?" It sounds nifty, and these two stanzas can be used as a Mantra by itself, without the rest of the Rosary.)
What's Your Name? /becomes:/ Glory Be...
Who's your Daddy? / To the Father, To the Mother
Is he rich? / And to...
Is he rich like me? / The Sacred Son
Has he taken..? / And to the Lady
Any time.... / Holy Spirit
To show / They are 
To show you what it means.... / the Four in One (or Tetra--Gramma--Ton,
or
 Together they make One)
Then the rock song goes up an octave or so, and you say the second half of the Glory Be, to "Tell it to me softly, wonder why? I'd really like to kno---ow....It's the time and the Season for loooov----ving..."
...Enter 60's keyboarding.  Hah!  I know you guys think I've lost it now!  Hey that's a nice haunting mysterious kind of melody, and if anyone is musically inclined and wants to sing it and record it in a file somehow, we will insert it right here in the website, so there.  
This is an admittedly whimsical "technique." If you get the tune (and hopefully the "revised" words) stuck in your head, it is a good thing.  We get so many junky things stuck in a rut in our heads, playing over and over. Why not leash this repetitive (obsessive!) power of the brain and make it repeat something spiritually enriching.  That brings to mind another technique you can make part of your repertoire.  Whenever a song gets stuck in your mind, change its words to a favorite mantra, affirmation, or prayer-spell. Then it becomes a prayer-song, or song-spell.  You can actually program your life like a computer in this way.  If it's hard to make a song merge with your prayer or mantra, simplify your prayer until you are only saying a few key words---just two or three words if you must---over and over.  If I get stuck in such an internal rut I start chanting, "Yahd. Heh. Vahv. Heh" (the Hebrew letters Y H V H) to whatever tune is taking over my mind.
The second part of the Glory Be verse doesn't precisely fit with the old rock song so you change the words like this:
Tell it to me softly / As it was in the beginning
Wonder Why? / It is now
I'd really like to kno---ow / Is now and ever shall be
It's the time / Without end
Of the Season / Age to Ages

for loving / say A - men
Then you move onto the large bead, the Our Father/Pater Noster beads. Each time you come to a large bead you can say your favorite version of the Lord's Prayer, or one of the Goddess versions, "The Lady's Prayer" as given above.  Take heart! There is no music part for the Lord's Prayer beads! But if anyone can think of a song it might go to, please let me know... <sly grin>
- Katia

STRAIGHT TALK About GOD WELCOME! !/ http://asis.com/~stag/arithme.html W.E. Filmer has written a wonderful little booklet called "God Counts". I thought it would be nice to get a little different view of Bible numerics from that of Ivan Panin. There's also a Number Table below listing many numbers and their Biblical meanings. I have many more numbers to add to the list, but that'll happen later.






W.E. Filmer has written a wonderful little booklet called "God Counts". I thought it would be nice to get a little different view of Bible numerics from that of Ivan Panin. There's also a Number Table below listing many numbers and their Biblical meanings. I have many more numbers to add to the list, but that'll happen later.

For now, I want to introduce you to Filmer and God. There is much more than just counting the numbers of letters or vowels and consonants in any certain passage. Not many factors appear that way. "A more profound examination of the text of Scripture shows that there is a regular orchestral accompaniment of numerics playing in tune with the subject under discussion. As each idea is introduced the associated number echoes throughout all manner of divisions and classifications in a way which cannot be put down to mere chance.

"Let us take an example from the Old Testament and make a concentrated study of the first verse of Genesis which reads, 'In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.' In the Hebrew it looks like this:


earth and-the heavens the God created 
in-the-beginning


"The numbers written above the letters are their numeric values. Hebrew reads from right to left, so that the first word is the one on the right and the last one is that on the left.

"The first thing to notice about this sentence is that it covers a complete act of creation, and that the universe, fresh from the hand of the Almighty was perfect. Everything leads us to expect that seven would be the most suitable number to accompany this thought. Now notice the following simple facts about the Hebrew sentence:

  • 1. It contains 7 words.
  • 2. The total number of letters is 28, or 7 x 4
  • 3. The sentence divides into two equal parts: the first three words, 'In-the-beginning God created,' contain 14 letters, and the remaining four words contain 14 letters.
  • 4. The second half of the sentence divides again into two equal parts: The two words for 'the heavens' contain 7 letters, and the two words for 'and-the earth' contain 7 letters.
  • 5.The three nouns, God, heavens and earth have together 14 letters.
  • 6. The numeric value of these three nouns is 777, or 7 x 111.
  • 7. The numeric value of the verb, created, is 203, or 7 X 29.
  • 8. The middle word (2 letters) and the one before it (5 letters) have together 7 letters.
  • 9. The middle word and the one after it have together 7 letters.


earth and-the heavens the God created 
in-the-beginning


"Even more remarkable are the numerics which fix the individual letters so that they cannot be changed. Hebrew is what is called a synthetic language, that is, the meaning to be expressed is indicated largely by the use of prefixes and suffixes. In some instances the changing of a prefix might completely reverse the meaning of the whole sentence. It is therefore most important that the first and last letters of the words should be protected against alteration. Now see how the numeric structure accomplishes this:

  • 10. We saw just now that the sentence could be divided into equal parts having fourteen letters in each half. The numeric value of the first and last letters of the first half is 42, or 7 x 6.
  • 11. The numeric value of the first and last letters of the second half is 91, or 7 x 13.
  • 12. If the first and last letters of all the words are taken together, their numeric value is 1,292, or 7 x 199.
  • 13. The numeric value of the first and last letters of the first and last words only is 497, or 7 x 71.
  • 14. This number is so divided that if only the first letters are taken of the first and last words, these two letters have together a numeric value of 7. Similarly, the last letters of these two words have together a numeric value of 490, or 7 x 7 x 10.
  • 15. Taking the first and last letters of the first word but one, and the last word but one, then their numeric values add up to 896, or 7 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
  • 16. This number is peculiar in that it is seven multiplied by two seven times, and furthermore the sum of its factors is 21


earth and-the heavens the God created 
in-the-beginning


"It is clear from these extraordinary phenomena that the prefixes and suffixes in this sentence could not possibly be altered without throwing the whole design into confusion. Not only this, but I defy anyone to construct another sentence which incorporates such an amazing set of numerics. I should never have believed that such a sentence could exist if it were not for the fact that it is there. The reader can verify for himself that the facts are exactly as I have stated them."

I told you Filmer was wonderful. The complete Creation of the universe accompanied by sixteen features of the number which symbolizes completeness. Supernatural.





Numbers 


And Their Meanings






What follows is that incomplete table of numbers and their Biblical meanings. I must disclaim, however, that these are the only meanings. I have come against some contradictions when looking up the meanings of some numbers. Don't take any of these numbers to the bank unless you've confirmed it with at least the "Adequate Witness" number, two.

Some examples from The Companion Bible:

FOUR - Denotes creative works, and always has reference to the material creation, as pertaining to the earth, and things "under the sun", and things terrestrial.

SEVEN - Denotes spiritual perfection. It is the hall-mark of the Holy Spirit's work. He is the Author of God's Word, and seven is stamped on it as the water mark is seen in the manufacture of paper. He is the Author and Giver of life; and seven is the number which regulates every period of Incubation and Gestation, in insects, birds, animals, and man.

EIGHT - Denotes resurrection, regeneration; a new beginning or commencement. The eighth is a new first. Hence the octave in music, color, days of the week. It is the number which has to do with the Lord, Who rose on the eighth, or new "first-day". This is, therefore, the Dominical number. By Gematria (the addition of the numerical value of the letters together) the Greek letters for Jesus makes the numbers 888. It, or its multiple is impressed on all that has to do with the Lord's Names, the Lord's People, and the Lord's works.

No.Meaning
1Unity; New beginnings
2Union; Division; Witnessing
3Divine completeness and perfection
4Creation; The world; Creative works
5Grace; God's goodness; Pentateuch (first five books)
6Weakness of man; Manifestation of sin ; Evils of Satan
7Resurrection; Spiritual completeness; Fathers perfection
8New birth; New beginnings
9Fruit of the spirit; Divine completeness from the Father
10Testimony; Law and responsibility
11Disorder and judgement
12Governmental perfection
13Apostasy; depravity and rebellion
14Deliverance; Salvation
15Rest
16Love
17Victory
18Bondage
19Faith
20Redemption
21Exceeding sinfulness of sin
22Light
23Death
24The Priesthood
25Repentance; The forgiveness of sins
26The Gospel of Christ
27Preaching of the Gospel
28Eternal life
29Departure
30Blood of Christ; Dedication
31Offspring
32Covenant
33Promise
34Naming of a son
35Hope
36Enemy
37The word of our Father
38Slavery
39Disease
40Trials; Probation; Testings
42Israel's oppression; First advent
44Judgement of the World
45Preservation
50Holy Spirit; Pentecost
60Pride
66Idol worship
70Punishment and restoration of Israel; Universality
100Election; Children of the promise
119Spiritual perfection and victory 7*17=119
120Divine period of probation
144The Spirit guided life
200Insufficiency
600Warfare
666Antichrist
777Christ
888Holy Spirit; The sum of Tree of Life
1000Divine completeness and Fathers glory
4000Salvation of the world through the blood of the Lamb ( Those who chose between Christ and Antichrist)
6000Deception of Antichrist; Second advent
7000Final judgement; Zadok
144,000Those numbered of Israel





For further numeric study, I invite you to get any book by Bonnie Gaunt. Her work with Gematria is excellent. My favorite is "Beginnings".

For a different type of numeric study of the Bible, Ivan Panin is unsurpassed in discovering the numeric schemes of the Bible. This study has nothing to do with the letter values, like gematria, but demonstrates clearly God's hand in the writing of the Bible. Bible Numerics is a good place to start.

E. W. Bullinger has done some work with the numbers of the Bible; I only have his book "The Gospel in the Stars", so can't recommend him from personal experience. Sorry.

http://asis.com/users/stag/godcount.html





I love mail.

Come Home

Wednesday, September 24, 2014

This webpage reproduces a section of Star Names Their Lore and Meaning by Richard Hinckley Allen as reprinted in the Dover edition, 1963 The text is in the public domain. This page has been carefully proofread and I believe it to be free of errors. If you find a mistake though, please let me know! [image ALT: a blank space] p335 Phoenix, the French Phénix, the German Phönix, and the Italian Fenice, is one of Bayer's new figures, between Eridanus and Grus, south of Fornax and Sculptor, — its α, κ, μ, β, ν, and γ in a line curving toward the south like that of a primitive Boat, by which figure, as Al Zauraḳ, the Arabs knew them. Al Sufi cited another name, — Al Ri᾽āl, the Young Ostriches, — which Hyde wrongly read Al Zibal, perhaps a synonymous title; and Kazwini used Al Sufi's term in describing some stars of Al Nahr, the River, in which our Phoenix was then included by Arabian astronomers. p336 Others changed the figure to that of a Griffin, or Eagle, so that the introduction of a Phoenix into modern astronomy was, in a measure, by adoption rather than by invention. But, whether Bayer knew it or not, his title is an appropriate one, for with various early nations — at all events, in China, Egypt, India, and Persia — this bird has been "an astronomical symbol of cyclic period," some versions of the well-known fable making its life coincident with the Great Year of the ancients beginning at noon of the day when the sun entered among the stars of Aries; and, in Egypt, with the Sothic Period when the sun and Sirius rose together on the 20th of July. Thompson further writes of this: A new Phoenix-period is said to have commenced A.D. 139, in the reign of Antoninus Pius; and a recrudescence of astronomical symbolism associated therewith is manifested on the coins of that Emperor. Coincidently, Ptolemy adopted as the epoch of his catalogue the year 138, the first of Antoninus. With the Egyptians, who knew this bird as Bennu and showed it on their coins, it was an emblem of immortality; indeed it generally has been such in pagan as well as in Christian times. In China the constellation was Ho Neaou, the Fire Bird, showing its derivation there from the Jesuits. Julius Schiller combined it with Grus in his Aaron the High Priest.

Richard Hinckley Allen:
Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning

Inevitably, though, in a work of such magnitude, and one that is now already over a hundred years old, there will be room for fault. The three principal shortcomings of the book are that it is not as systematic as the subject deserves, sometimes a downright jumble of ancient languages and afterthoughts and digressions and backtracking; that the astronomy predates Palomar and the Hubble telescope, radar and quasars, by decades and decades and is best taken lightly, as a window into the late 19c rather than into the stuff of the Universe; and, most seriously, that the sources are condensed, for the most part uncited, and — worst of all — trusted.


ref. credit to http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/home.html

What is Planet X? NASA & Astronomy, Theology & Conspiracy

Wheel in a Wheel (HUB): The Messiah said these things would immediately pr...

Wheel in a Wheel (HUB): The Messiah said these things would immediately pr...: “In the Last Days there will be a great tribulation, unequalled in all of world history. Unless those days are shortened, no one wi...

The Messiah said these things would immediately precede His return: “There will be signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars; and on the earth distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring*; {*Caused by Increased Tidal Effect from Planet X} men’s hearts failing them from fear and expectation of those things which are coming on the earth, for the powers of the heavens will be shaken.” Luke 21:25-26

“In the Last Days there will be a great tribulation,
unequalled in all of world history.
Unless those days are shortened,
no one will survive.”
Matthew 24:21-22

Planet X – The Ultimate Tribulation link(VIDEOS)http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/planet-x-threat-earth/

Planet X 1
Many people know or suspect that some sort of “tribulation” is headed our way. Economic, social, political, international or geological, are some of the guesses. What I propose is one that encompasses all of them at the same time. This unprecedented combination makes the coming cataclysm “Unequalled in all of world history.”
The outer planets of our solar system, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, were each successively found by observing the perturbations (or gravitational deviations) of the next closest planet to the sun.  That is to say, the existence of a yet unknown planet more remote than the deepest one from the sun presently known at any given point in history, was discovered by studying the unusual gravitational motions of the farthest known planet which indicated that at least one more planet was beyond it because its gravitational effects could be seen in the behavior of the next closest planet, even though the one farther away could not yet be seen.  Saturn had deviations in its orbit indicating Uranus existed beyond it, even though it could not be seen for more than 150 years later.  When Uranus was finally observed, its orbital path indicated that Neptune existed beyond it, though it too was not actually seen for many decades later.  When Pluto was discovered in 1930, it too gave evidence that another, much larger body, was beyond it.  About this time the term “Planet X” came to light to best describe this yet to be seen mysterious object at the edge of our solar system.
“If the owner of the house had known at what hour
the thief was coming,
he would not have let his house be broken into.
So you also must be ready,
for the End will come at an hour you do not expect.”
Luke 12:39-40
-Brother Bart-
References:

Fake ISIS Beheadings: Playing The Public Like A Fiddle

Fake ISIS Beheadings: Playing The Public Like A Fiddle

Sunday, September 21, 2014

WEXFORD Project & tha outer space treaty

The Outer Space Treaty
MarkDorr


It sounds like something that Vulcans, Romulans, Earthlings and Klingons might sign in yet another incarnation of Star Trek, but it’s real.
There is an actual Outer Space Treaty.
One Day in 1963
The events of May, 1963 included the Rolling Stones signing up with Decca Records, Mickey Mantle hitting a ball into Yankee Stadium’s façade, Bob Dylan’s song “Blowin’ in the Wind” was released, hundreds of African Americans arrested in the protest in Birmingham, Alabama and the James Bond film “Dr. No” debuted in the United States.
But, something else happened that month that many people might not know. May 9, 1963 is the date of the successful launch of an unusual payload.
480 million copper needles.
More precisely they were tiny dipole antennas. Basically, think of the old “rabbit ears” antennas used on TVs.
Following an earlier launch attempt in 1961 that failed, this rocket flight carried the large batch of little needles to a medium earth orbit at an altitude between 3,500 miles and 3,800 miles above the Earth. Soon, a thin ring of metal encircled our world.







Project Westford
Ringing the Earth with millions of metal needles created something like an artificial ionosphere.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory ran Project Westford (or West Ford) to solve a major weakness in communications.
At that time, the two options available for international communication were to bounce radio signals off the ionosphere or send messages through undersea cables.
This concerned the military minds charged with keeping things safe during the Cold War. Cables can be cut, and the natural ionosphere is an unreliable partner.
The antennas cooperatively provided passive support to Project Westford’s parabolic dish in Westford, Massachusetts so that it could communicate with distant positions.
In other words, they bounced a signal to where it needed to go. And it worked, but not for long. Communication satellite technology was hitting its stride in 1963, and the rest is history.
This Caused a Stir
Still, though the people in charge chose to go with satellites, the band of metal around the Earth remained. This generated opposition from a variety of sectors.
The needles were so far apart that the belt could not be seen by the naked eye, but they could have obscured microwave and radio frequencies: cutting out a lot of research about the cosmos. Plus, well, there was a band of metal around the Earth, and some people and nations didn’t like that.
Various experts assured detractors that sunlight pressure would make the dipoles stay in orbit for about three years, but the international protest, in the end, caused a provision to be included in a document born of concerns with the earthly use of space.

The Outer Space Treaty
Five years after the successful launch of the Westford rocket, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union signed a treaty on “Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”: the Outer Space Treaty.
Growing from concerns about how space was being used, including Westford, it is the document that is the basis for international space law. As of May, 2013, 102 countries have signed on. Others have signed it but not finalized ratification.
Included in the treaty are the agreements that:
–> States cannot place weapons of mass destruction in orbit around the Earth, on the Moon, on another celestial body, or stationed in outer space.
–> Use of the Moon is only for peaceful purposes and not weapons testing, military maneuvers, or military bases.
–> The exploration of outer space shall be done for the benefit of all countries and be free for exploration and use by all states.
–> No government can claim a celestial resource like the Moon.
–> The nation that launches a space object retains control over that object and is liable for damages from it.
Article VI states that “the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty” and that States Parties shall be responsible for national space activities whether they are carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities.
And, as a direct result from the experience of the Westford Project, a consultation clause in Article IX was included:
“A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment.”
And, What Happened to Those Antennas?
Most of the Westford dipoles appear to have re-entered Earth’s atmosphere within seven years, floating down slowly all over the Earth’s surface, unscathed by re-entry because of their size.
Apparently, there was some thought of recovering some of the dipoles for research. Calculations indicated that as many as five of these antennas per square kilometer landed in the high Arctic. But, even at that, trying to find those few, teeny needles in that vast area were too much for even the most intrepid researcher, and no recovery seems to have been undertaken.
Some of the antennas remain in orbit to this day.

Mark Dorr 2013, All Rights Reserved
References & Image Credits:
(1) Wikimedia
(2) Wikipedia
(3) History Orb
(4) MIT
(5) Interesting
(6) Wikipedia: Outer Space Treaty
Originally published on TopSecretWriters.com


Friday, September 19, 2014

THE FOUR (4)Starship Voyages Scarborough, UK 2014 Sep 20 Saturday, Day 263 Maintained by: Robert Christy FBIS Zarya Home China Programmes Yuan Wang Events: CZ-4C Launch 2013 Jul 19 Shenzhou 10 Landing CZ-4C Launch - Taiyuan, 2013 July 19 When a CZ-4C rocket took of from Taiyuan carrying three satellites, the complex operation to release them from the launch vehicle was due to take place well away from Chinese territory so it needed the services of one of China's fleet of mobile tracking stations to ensure all went well. Yuan Wang 5 was despatched to the Indian Ocean to oversee the event. Yuan Wang 5 left its base on the Yangtse river on May 30, and headed out onto the Pacific Ocean to support the Shenzhou 10 mission due for launch on June 11. It remained there until June 26 when the Shenzhou mission ended. Yuan Wang 3 and Yuan Wang 6 had sailed out at the end of April, initially for the Chinasat 11 launch, then they too moved into position for Shenzhou 10. After Shenzhou 10 landed, Yuan Wang 5 turned south while the other two ships went home. Port of Call

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Starship Voyages


Scarborough, UK
2014 Sep 20
Saturday, Day 263
Maintained by:







Yuan Wang Events:


CZ-4C Launch - Taiyuan, 2013 July 19

When a CZ-4C rocket took of from Taiyuan carrying three satellites, the complex operation to release them from the launch vehicle was due to take place well away from Chinese territory so it needed the services of one of China's fleet of mobile tracking stations to ensure all went well. Yuan Wang 5 was despatched to the Indian Ocean to oversee the event.

Yuan Wang 5 left its base on the Yangtse river on May 30, and headed out onto the Pacific Ocean to support the Shenzhou 10 mission due for launch on June 11. It remained there until June 26 when the Shenzhou mission ended.

Yuan Wang 3 and Yuan Wang 6 had sailed out at the end of April, initially for the Chinasat 11 launch, then they too moved into position for Shenzhou 10. After Shenzhou 10 landed, Yuan Wang 5 turned south while the other two ships went home.

The Kettering Group


Scarborough, UK
2014 Sep 20
Saturday, Day 263
Maintained by:






Kettering Group Equipment in Detail:












Elsewhere on the Web:

Contemporary 1966 film of the tracking equipment
The Tracking Station and Equipment
Port of Call

Yuan Wang 5 arrived off Jakarta, Indonesia on July 5 and entered port. There it took on supplies and the crew got some shore leave. On July 11 it headed once more to sea and passed through the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, taking it out into the Indian Ocean.


First Stop

By the early hours of July 15 it had reached a point near the rev 0 ground track of Shijian 11-05. The satellite was launched from Jiuquan at 09:27 UTC that day and Yuan Wang 5 observed it about fifteen minutes later, after it had entered sun-synchronous orbit. Yuan Wang 5 would have been able to confirm that the satellite had separated from its CZ-2C launch vehicle and opened its solar panels - events that happened out of view from the Chinese mainland.

Not all launches from China to polar orbit merit the expense of sending out a tracking ship because it involves nearly two months of sailing. Controllers are usually content to wait for a satellite to re-appear over China after completing its first circuit of the globe. Shijian 11-05 probably got the attention because Yuan Wang 5 had a more-pressing reason to be in the area. Observing Shijian 11-05 was a bonus.


Second Stop

After tracking Shijian 11-05, Yuan Wang 5 headed east but not at full speed because the destination was only a few hundred kilometres away and it had 3-4 days to cover the distance.

On July 18, a NOTAM appeared for an area of China south of the Taiyuan Space Centre indicating a launch was due July 19 at about 22:40 UTC. A few hours before the time indicated in the NOTAM Yuan Wang 5 settled itself about 1400 kilometres west of Australia, directly below the trajectory that would be taken by a launch from Taiyuan to sun-synchronous orbit.


July 19 - Taiyuan

A CZ-4C rocket was launched at 22:37:55 UTC carrying Shijian 15, Chuangxin 3 and Shiyan 7. The time is known precisely because Chinese TV showed images from the launch control room and it appears on the status display above the video screen. The timing is a little unusual as China tends to conduct launches by issuing the command for rocket ignition precisely on a full minute. First movement of the launch vehicle then occurs 3-5 seconds later when the correct thrust level has been reached. The time in this case suggests the ignition command was issued at 22:37:50 UTC.

The TV view of the launch control centre video screen also showed a list of mission events. Three of them are of interest. At the bottom of the list can be seen 1172 seconds, 1257 seconds and 1349 seconds. Logic says that they are the anticipated times for releasing the satellites from the launch vehicle, given as elapsed time after lift-off. As to the order in which the satellites were going to be released, the quality of the video does not allow reading of the names.

Putting together the launch time and the event times gives satellite separations at about one and a half minute intervals with 23:57:27 and 23:58:52 UTC on July 19 and 00:00:24 UTC on July 20.

The CZ-4C upper stage rose above Yuan Wang 5's northern horizon at about 23:53:45 UTC. By the time it was near the zenith, it had released all three satellites. The cluster of launch vehicle and satellites then set below Yuan Wang 5's southern horizon at around 00:07:40 UTC.


Yuan Wang 5 and Shijian 15


Where Next?

Yuan Wang 5 immediately sailed away on a heading to take it back to the Sunda Strait and the Pacific Ocean. Ships of the fleet tend to stay at sea for about one month before putting in to port for supplies so it may be mid-August before it docks again. In the Pacific area, Yuan Wang vessels have been seen at Suva (Fiji), Auckland (New Zealand) and Jakarta. Alternatively, it may call in at a southern Chinese port.

A sailing plan filed when it moved on from tracking the Shenzhou 10 mission indicated it will not return home until December 5. China has more launches in the pipeline this year but information about them is not as openly available as for previous years. Yuan Wang 5 will certainly be involved in the Chang'e 3 Moon launch, probably due in November. Tiangong 1 may be brought down from orbit for a destructive re-entry during October. Monitoring its last moments could be on Yuan Wang 5's schedule too.


Page Date: 2013 July 21

EARTH CHANGING END TIME SIGNS & EVENTS 2014-2015: PROPHECY HAS BEGUN

Luna - Exploring the Moon Saturday, Day 263 http://mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogMoon.htm


Luna - Exploring the Moon


Scarborough, UK
2014 Sep 20
Saturday, Day 263

The race took on a new form during July 1969 - two technologies came head to head in competition. Even as Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins were orbiting the Moon in Apollo 11, Luna 15 was heading for the surface in an attempt to be the first to bring back the first ever sample of lunar soil. In the event the spacecraft crashed as it tried to land. Even had Luna 15 succeeded, it would not have reached Earth again before the American vehicle, so the honour of carrying back the first lunar sample would still have been Apollo 11's.

DateTime (UTC)Event
1958 Jan 28Sergei Korolyov proposes a programme of lunar exploration missions including impact on the Moon and photographing its surface
1958 Sep 2307:03E-1-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher disintegrates after 93 seconds
1958 Oct 1121:42E-1-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher disintegrates after 42 seconds
1958 Dec 417:18E-1-3 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher core-stage rocket engine shuts down after 245 seconds
1959 Jan 216:41Luna 1 (E-1-4) spacecraft, also known as 'Mechta' (Dream) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory
1959 Jan 300:56At a distance of 113,000 kilometres from Earth, the upper stage of Luna 1 launching rocket releases a cloud of sodium vapour, the glow from which is used to aid visual measurement of the trajectory - it is photographed from an observatory near Alma-Ata
1959 Jan 402:59Luna 1 passes 5,995 km from the Moon at a speed near 8,900 kilometres per hour and enters heliocentric orbit, thereby becoming the first artificial planet of the Sun
1959 Jan 406:00Luna 1 is 426,700 kilometres from Earth and 60,400 kilometres beyond the Moon
1959 Jan 419:00Luna 1 is 513,285 kilometres from Earth
1959 Jan 507:00Approx time - Luna 1 radio transmitter ceases to operate when the batteries run out of power at a distance of 600,000 kilometres from the Earth
1959 Jun 1808:08E-1-5 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - a failure of the inertial guidance system 153 seconds after lift-off leads to the rocket being deliberately destroyed
1959 Sep 600:49Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 802:40Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 903:40Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 1206:39Luna 2 (E-1-6) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory
1959 Sep 1212:00Luna 2 is 126,400 kilometres from Earth above a point to the north of New Guinea
1959 Sep 1218:39En-route to the Moon, the upper stage of Luna 2 launching rocket releases a cloud of sodium vapour, the glow from which is used to aid visual measurement of the trajectory - it is observed in the constellation Aquarius at a stellar magnitude between 4 and 5
1959 Sep 1321:02Luna 2 impacts on the Moon at a speed of three kilometres per second near 30 degrees north, 1 degree west, in the Palus Putredinis
1959 Sep 1321:32Approximate time - Luna 2 final rocket stage impacts on the Moon
1959 Oct 400:43Luna 3 (E-2A-1) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to fly past and photograph the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory.
1959 Oct 614:16Luna 3 passes 6,200 km from the Moon
1959 Oct 703:30Luna 3 photographs the hidden side of the Moon from an altitude of 65,200 km altitude - its camera system takes a series of 29 photographs over a period 40 minutes, covering 70% of the surface - film is developed automatically aboard the spacecraft and is then scanned to allow radio transmission of the images
1959 Oct 10Luna 3 reaches a distance of 480,000 kilometres from the Earth
1959 Oct 18Luna 3 is back in the vicinity of Earth and transmits 17 of its photographs in facsimile format - a later attempt at re-transmission fails when signals are not received
1959 Oct 1815:50Luna 3 completes its first orbit of the Earth-Moon system
1960 Mar 29Combined gravitational effects on the trajectory of Luna 3 cause it to re-enter the Earth atmosphere where it is destroyed by frictional heating. It has completed 11 revolutions around the center of the Earth-Moon system (the barycentre)
1960 Apr 1515:06E-3-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - under-performance of the final rocket stage means that it has insufficient velocity to reach the Moon
1960 Apr 16E-3-1 spacecraft reaches a distance of 200,000 kilometres from the Earth and then falls back
1960 Apr 16E-3-1 spacecraft re-enters the Earth atmosphere where it is destroyed by frictional heating
1960 Apr 1916:07E-3-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - the launcher breaks up just after lift-off due to incorrect thrust from one of its strap-on boosters
1963 Jan 408:49E-6-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into low orbit around the Earth at 64.9 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1963 Jan 409:55E-6-1 lunar spacecraft final stage rocket engine fails to fire, leaving it stranded in Earth orbit
1963 Jan 5E-6-1 lunar spacecraft re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating.
1963 Feb 309:29E-6-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface but control of the rocket is lost 295 seconds after lift-off and it is destroyed.
1963 Apr 208:16Luna 4 (E-6-3) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1963 Apr 209:34Final stage of Luna 4 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1963 Apr 3Luna 4 rocket engine fails to fire for a trajectory correction so the spacecraft stays on a course which will miss the Moon
1963 Apr 601:26Luna 4 passes 8,336 kilometres from the Moon - it enters barycentric orbit at distances ranging between 89,250 and 694,000 kilometres from Earth
1963 May 908:56Final stage of Luna 5 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1964 Mar 2108:15E-6-4 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land on the lunar surface but problems with the third-stage of its rocket prevent it from reaching orbit
1964 Apr 2008:08E-6-5 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination. It mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface - it fails to reach orbit
1965 Mar 1209:36Cosmos 60 (lunar spacecraft E-6-9) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 195 x 248 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.7 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface but the final stage rocket engine fails to fire, leaving it stranded in Earth orbit
1965 Apr 10E-6-8 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land on the lunar surface but problems with the third-stage of its rocket prevent it from reaching orbit
1965 May 907:49Luna 5 (E-6-10) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 150 x 225 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 May 1219:10Luna 5 retro-rocket fails to fire and it crashes onto the Moon near 31 degrees South, 8 degrees West, in the Mare Nubium area, and a 220 x 80 kilometre dust cloud, which lasts for ten minutes, is noted by an observatory at Rodeswich in Germany - touchdown was planned for 19:15
1965 May 17Cosmos 60 re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1965 Jun 807:40Luna 6 (E-6-7) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 170 x 250 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Jun 808:47Final stage of Luna 6 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Jun 9Luna 6 rocket engine fails to shut down as planned at the end of a course-correction manoeuvre so all fuel is exhausted - the spacecraft is consequently in a trajectory which causes it to miss the Moon
1965 Jun 1117:00Luna 6 passes 159,613 kilometres from the Moon - it may have gone into orbit around the Sun
1965 Jul 1814:38Zond 3 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 164 x 210 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is an engineering test of an interplanetary spacecraft
1965 Jul 1923:40Zond 3 passes 9,200 kilometres behind the Moon and takes a series of 25 photographs of the far side and later transmits them to Earth - it then continues into orbit around the Sun
1965 Oct 407:56Luna 7 (E-6-11) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 129 x 286 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Oct 409:03Final stage of Luna 7 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Oct 5Luna 7 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Oct 722:08Luna 7 retro-rocket fires early and after it shuts down, the spacecraft gathers speed and is destroyed as it crashes onto the Moon near 9 degrees north, 40 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1965 Dec 310:46Luna 8 (E-6-12) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 170 x 250 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Dec 311:53Final stage of Luna 8 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Dec 4Luna 8 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Dec 621:51Luna 8 retro-rocket fires late and the spacecraft is destroyed as it crashes onto the Moon near 9.1 degrees north, 63.3 degrees west in the Oceanus procellarum - although the landing is a failure, the mission completes the experimental development of a stellar-orientation system and methods of controlling from the Earth of radio equipment, flight trajectory measuring equipment and other instrumentation
1966 Jan 301:40Approx time - Cosmos 111 re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1966 Jan 3111:41Luna 9 (E-6M) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 167 x 219 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1966 Jan 3112:48Final stage of Luna 9 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Feb 119:29Luna 9 rocket engine is fired for 48 seconds in order to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Feb 318:44Luna 9 soft lands on the Moon surface at 7.13 degrees north, 60.36 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1966 Feb 401:50Luna 9 transmits the first of three series of TV pictures over a period of 107 minutes which are then assembled into a panoramic view of the landing site
1966 Feb 414:00Luna 9 transmits the first of second series of TV pictures over a period of 174 minutes which are then assembled into a panoramic view of the landing site - they reveal that Luna 9 has shifted its position slightly which permits a stereoscopic view to be built up
1966 Feb 620:37Luna 9 transmits three further series of TV pictures over a period of 138 minutes
1966 Feb 622:55Luna 9 final radio transmission ceases when its batteries are exhausted - it has been in radio contact with Earth for a total of 8 hours and 5 minutes over its three-day period of operation and has returned a total of 27 individual photographs of the lunar surface
1966 Mar 111:03Cosmos 111 (E-6S-204) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 182 x 194 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to enter orbit around the Moon but loss of control of the final rocket stage whilst still in orbit around the Earth prevents its engine from being fired
1966 Mar 3110:46Luna 10 (E-6S-206) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 190 x 220 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Mar 3111:53Final stage of Luna 10 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Apr 1Luna 10 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Apr 318:44Luna 10 fires its retro-rocket for 57s with engine shutdown at 18:45:39 UTC, resulting in a 350 x 1,017 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 67° 9' 37" inclination
1966 Apr 319:00Luna 10 Immediately on completion of the engine firing, an instrumented payload compartment separates from the flight vehicle and begins its mission to study gamma-radiation, electric and magnetic fields, micro-meteoroids, the solar wind, infrared emissions from the Moon itself, and radiation conditions in the lunar environment
1966 Apr 3Luna 10 transmits a sythesised rendering of the song 'Internationale' - it is relayed to the Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union where it is played to the delegates
1966 May 30Luna 10 radio transmitters are switched off when battery power becomes too low after 460 orbits around the Moon, and 219 active data transmissions - its orbit is 378 x 985 kilometres at 72.0 degrees inclination
1966 Aug 2408:03Luna 11 (E-6LF-101) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 195 x 220 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.9 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Aug 2409:10Final stage of Luna 11 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Aug 2619:02Luna 11 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Aug 2821:49Luna 11 enters a 160 v 1,200 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 27 degrees inclination and begins its studies of lunar gamma and X-ray emissions in order to determine the Moon chemical composition, lunar gravitational anomalies, the concentration of meteoroid streams near the Moon and the intensity of hard corpuscular radiation near the Moon - although intended to return photographs of the Moon surface, it fails to do so
1966 Oct 102:03Luna 11 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease after 277 orbits around the Moon and 137 active data transmission s,
1966 Oct 2208:42Luna 12 (E-6LF-102) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 199 x 212 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.9 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Oct 2209:45Final stage of Luna 12 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Oct 2319:10Approx time - Luna 12 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Oct 2520:45Approx time - Luna 12 enters a 100 x 1,740 kilometre orbit at 10 degrees inclination and begins its mission of photographing the lunar surface in the area of the likely landing zone of a piloted mission - each photograph contains 1100 scan lines with a maximum resolution of 15-20 metres - it also carries a test version of the electric motor being developed to drive the upcoming Lunokhod lunar rover
1966 Oct 27Luna 12 transmits to Earth its first images of the Moon surface
1966 Dec 2110:16Luna 13 (E-6M-205) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 171 x 223 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1966 Dec 2111:23Final stage of Luna 13 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Dec 2218:41Luna 13 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Dec 2417:59Luna 13 fires its retro-rocket
1966 Dec 2418:01Luna 13 soft lands on the Moon surface at 18.87 degrees north, 62.05 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1966 Dec 2418:05Luna 13 begins transmitting from the lunar surface
1966 Dec 2418:06An explosive charge forces Luna 13 soil density measuring instrument into the Moon surface
1966 Dec 2513:53Luna 13 transmits its first series of TV pictures
1966 Dec 30Luna 13 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease
1967 Jan 19Luna 12 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease after 602 orbits around the Moon and 302 active data transmission s
1967 May 1621:43Cosmos 159 (E-6LS-111) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 208 x 395 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to test communications and tracking systems
1967 May 1623:02Final stage of Cosmos 159 launching rocket fired to place it into an orbit of 350 x 60637 kilometres at 51.6 degrees inclination
1968 Feb 710:43E-6LS-112 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by Molniya rocket, aimed for a low orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to test radio communications and spaceraft tracking techniques both en-route and in orbit around the moon in preparation for a piloted lunar mission , but a problem with the launching rocket prevents it from reaching orbit and the spacecraft, together with the upper stages of the rocket, is destroyed as they re-enter the atmosphere
1968 Apr 710:09Luna 14 (E-6LS-113) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by Molniya rocket, aimed for a low orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to test radio communications and spaceraft tracking techniques both en-route and in orbit around the moon in preparation for a piloted lunar mission
1968 Apr 711:16Final stage of Luna 14 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1968 Apr 819:27Luna 14 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1968 Apr 1019:25After reducing its speed from 2190 m/s to 1279 m/s, Luna 14 enters 160 x 270 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 42° inclination. In addition to its test role in connection with the piloted lunar programme, it carries instruments to study the Moon gravitational field and the Earth-Moon gravitational relationship, the solar wind and cosmic rays - it also carries a test version of the electric motor being developed to drive the upcoming Lunokhod lunar rover
1968 May 1000:00Luna 14 passes its 30 day expected mission duration.
1968 Jul 4Luna 14 - final communication with Earth at mission end
1969 Feb 1906:48E-8-201 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land a Lunokhod remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface but the launcher is destroyed by an explosion
1969 Jun 1404:00E-8-5-402 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but it fails to reach orbit after the launcher third stage fails to fire
1969 Jul 1303:14Luna 15 (E-8-5-401) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 182 x 247 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1969 Jul 1304:24Final stage of Luna 15 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1969 Jul 14Luna 15 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1969 Jul 1710:00Luna 15 enters 240 x 870 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 126 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 1913:08Luna 15 rocket engine is fired to change its orbit around the Moon to 95 x 222 kilometres at 126 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 2014:16Luna 15 rocket engine is fired to change its orbit around the Moon to 16 x 110 kilometres at 127 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 2015:47After completing 52 orbits of the Moon and holding 86 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 15 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1969 Jul 2015:51Luna 15 crashes heavily, at 480 kilometres per hour, near 17 degrees north, 60 degrees east, and is destroyed while attempting to land and collect a soil sample for return to Earth - simultaneously, the crew of Apollo 11 is part way through its lunar exploration programme
1969 Sep 2314:07Cosmos 300 (E-8-5-403) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into approx 185 x 200 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but the final stage of the launcher fails to fire, leaving it stranded in orbit around the Earth
1969 Sep 27Cosmos 300, still attached to the fourth stage of its launching rocket, re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1969 Oct 2214:09Cosmos 305 (E-8-5-404) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 175 x 206 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but the final stage of the launcher fails to fire, leaving it stranded in orbit around the Earth
1969 Oct 2418:05Approx time - Cosmos 305, still attached to the fourth stage of its launching rocket, re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1970 Feb 604:16E-8-5-405 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth, but the launcher fails and the spacecraft fails to reach orbit
1970 Sep 1213:25Luna 16 (E-8-5-406) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 185 x 241 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1970 Sep 1214:34Final stage of Luna 16 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Sep 13Luna 16 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Sep 1623:38Luna 16 fires its rocket engine and and enters a 110 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 70 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 18After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 16 orbit around the Moon is 15 x 110 kilometres at 70 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 19After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 16 orbit around the Moon is 15 x 106 kilometres at 71 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 2003:06Luna 16 computer takes control of the landing sequence
1970 Sep 2003:41Luna 16 orbit takes it behind the Moon for the last time - radio communication is lost
1970 Sep 2004:31Luna 16 re-appears from behind the Moon and radio communication is re-established
1970 Sep 2005:12Luna 16 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1970 Sep 2005:18Luna 16 lands on the Moon at 0.68 degrees south, 56.30 degrees east in the Mare Foecundatis
1970 Sep 2006:30Luna 16 uses a hollow drill to collect a 35 centimetre long core sample of the lunar surface - the operation takes seven minutes and the sample weighs 101 grammes
1970 Sep 2107:43Luna 16 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1970 Sep 2401:50Luna 16 re-entry capsule separates from its spent rocket stage at a distance of 50,000 kilometres from Earth
1970 Sep 2405:10Luna 16 re-entry capsule hits the upper layers of the atmosphere
1970 Sep 2405:14Luna 16 re-entry capsule deploys its parachute
1970 Sep 2405:26Luna 16 re-entry capsule touches down 80 kilometres south-east of Dzhezhkazgan
1970 Nov 1014:44Luna 17 (E-8-203) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 192 x 237 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land the Lunokhod 1 remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface
1970 Nov 1015:54Final stage of Luna 17 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 12Luna 17 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 14Luna 17 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 1522:00Approx time - Luna 17 enters 85 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 141 degrees inclination
1970 Nov 17After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 17 orbit around the Moon is now 19 x 85 kilometres at 141 degrees inclination
1970 Nov 1703:41Luna 17 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1970 Nov 1703:47Luna 17 lands on the Moon at 38.28 degrees north, 35 degrees wast in the Mare Imbrium
1970 Nov 1704:20Radio links with the Lunokhod 1 moon rover are established for the first time
1970 Nov 1705:31Lunokhod 1 returns its first TV image of the lunar surface
1970 Nov 1706:28Lunokhod 1 descends a pair of ramps on Luna 17 landing stage and moves onto the moon surface
1970 Nov 22Lunokhod 1 is parked for the lunar night, having travelled 197 metres, returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon, and sent back 12 panoramic views during 10 communications sessions, and conducted analyses of the lunar soil - its protective 'lid' which carries a solar panel is closed
1970 Dec 5A laser signal is directed at the French-built laser reflector on Lunokhod 1 and is used to measure the precise distance from the Earth to the Moon
1970 Dec 6A second laser reflection experiment is performed with Lunokhod 1
1970 Dec 9Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge
1970 Dec 10Lunokhod 1 begins its second lunar day experimental programme
1970 Dec 22Lunokhod 1 is parked for its second lunar night, 1,370 metres away from Luna 17, and having travelled a further 1,522 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - its protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jan 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it third lunar day on the Moon
1971 Jan 17Lunokhod 1 has returned to Luna 17 and photographs the spacecraft lander on the lunar surface
1971 Jan 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled a further 1,936 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Feb 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fourth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Feb 19Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,573 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements and its protective 'lid' is closed - it has reached the end of its originally-planned life
1971 Mar 9Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fifth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Mar 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fifth lunar night, having travelled a further 2,004 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Apr 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it sixth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Apr 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its sixth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,029 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 May 7Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it seventh lunar day on the Moon
1971 May 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its seventh lunar night, having travelled a further 197 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jun 5Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it eighth lunar day on the Moon - it workload has been 'lightened' owing to the age of its systems
1971 Jun 18Lunokhod 1 is parked for its eighth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,559 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jul 4Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it ninth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Jul 17Lunokhod 1 is parked for its ninth lunar night, having travelled a further 220 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Aug 3Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it tenth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Aug 16Lunokhod 1 is parked for its tenth lunar night, having travelled a further 215 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Aug 31Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it eleventh lunar day on the Moon
1971 Sep 213:40Luna 18 (E-8-5-407) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 193 x 227 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1971 Sep 214:50Final stage of Luna 18 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 302:00Visual observations from the Shamakhin Observatory in Azerbaijan are used to measure Luna 18trajectory at a distance of 100,000 kilometres
1971 Sep 4Luna 18 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 6Luna 18 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 721:00Luna 18 fires its rocket engine to enter 101 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 35 degrees inclination
1971 Sep 11After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 18 orbit around the Moon is now 18 x 100 kilometres at 35 degrees inclination
1971 Sep 1107:42After completing 54 orbits of the Moon and holding 85 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 18 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1971 Sep 1107:48Luna 18 lands on the Moon at 3.57 degrees north, 56.50 degrees east in the Mare Foecundatis - the ruggedness of the terrain causes it either to land at an awkward angle or to topple over - radio communication is lost
1971 Sep 15Lunokhod 1 is parked for its eleventh lunar night, having travelled a further 88 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Sep 2810:00Luna 19 (E-8LS-202) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 172 x 260 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and study the surface
1971 Sep 2811:10Final stage of Luna 19 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 29Luna 19 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Oct 1Luna 19 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Oct 2Luna 19 enters 140 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 40.6 degrees inclination and begins its programme of studying the lunar gravitational field, the magnetic and electrical environment, and photographing the Moon surface
1971 Oct 4On the anniversary of the launch of the first Sputnik', Lunokhod 1 is officially declared 'dead', having failed to respond to radio instructions for its revival - it has traveled 10,540 m and transmitted over 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas, as well as conducting over 500 lunar soil tests
1971 Oct 6After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 19 orbit around the Moon is now 127 x 135 kilometres at 40.6 degrees inclination
1971 Nov 28After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 19 orbit around the Moon is now 77 x 385 kilometres at 40.7 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 1403:27Luna 20 (E-8-5-408) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 191 x 238 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1972 Feb 1404:37Final stage of Luna 20 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1972 Feb 15Luna 20 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1972 Feb 1812:15Approx time - Luna 20 enters 100 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 65 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 19After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 20 orbit around the Moon is now 21 x 100 kilometres at 65 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 2117:13After completing 54 orbits of the Moon and holding 85 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 20 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1972 Feb 2117:19Luna 20 lands on the Moon at 3.53 degrees north, 56.55 degrees east in the Appolonius Highlands - 1.8 kilometres from where Luna 18 was lost
1972 Feb 21Luna 20 uses a hollow drill to collect a core sample of the lunar surface - it weighs 35 grammes
1972 Feb 2222:58Luna 20 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1972 Feb 2519:12Luna 20 re-entry capsule touches down 40 kilometres north-west of Dzhezhkazgan at 48 degrees north, 67.57 degrees east
1972 Feb 26Search teams reach and retrieve Luna 20 re-entry capsule
1972 Oct 3The Soviet Union announces that Luna 19 is nearing the end of its mission as its onboard systems have deteriorated through age and exposure to space, and propellant for the attitude control system is running low
1973 Jan 806:55Luna 21 (E-8-204) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 190 x 235 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land the Lunokhod 2 remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface
1973 Jan 808:05Final stage of Luna 21 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1973 Jan 9Luna 21 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1973 Jan 1214:25Approx time - Luna 21 enters 90 x 110 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 60 degrees inclination
1973 Jan 13Luna 21 rocket engine is used to lower the perilune (lowest height above the Moon) of its orbit
1973 Jan 14After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 21 orbit around the Moon is now 16 x 110 kilometres at 60 degrees inclination
1973 Jan 1522:29Luna 21 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1973 Jan 1522:35After completing 40 orbits of the Moon, Luna 21 lands at 28.85 degrees north, 30.45 degrees in the Le Monnier crater at the eastern edge of the Mare Serenitatis
1973 Jan 1601:14Lunokhod 2 descends a pair of ramps on Luna 21 landing stage and moves onto the moon surface - it travels 30 metres from Luna 21 and is parked
1973 Jan 18Lunokhod 2 is moved to a position where it can take TV pictures of Luna 21 and the area around it before setting out on its travels
1973 Jan 24Lunokhod 2 is parked for its first lunar night, having travelled 1,260 metres and carried out a programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Feb 8Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it second lunar day on the Moon
1973 Feb 23Lunokhod 2 is parked for its second lunar night, having travelled 9,086 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Mar 11Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it third lunar day on the Moon
1973 Mar 23Lunokhod 2 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled 16,533 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Apr 9Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fourth lunar day on the Moon
1973 Apr 22Lunokhod 2 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled 8,600 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 May 8Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fifth lunar day on the Moon
1973 Jun 3Lunokhod 2 is officially declared 'dead', having travelled a further 880 metres (it probably ceased to operate at least two weeks earlier, during the lunar day) - it has traveled a total of 37 kilometres and transmitted over 80,000 TV pictures and 86 TV panoramas, as well as conducting over 700 lunar soil tests
1974 May 2908:56Luna 22 (E-8LS-206) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 187 x 226 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and study the surface
1974 May 2910:06Final stage of Luna 22 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1974 May 30Luna 22 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Jun 2Luna 22 enters a 219 x 244 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 19.6 degrees inclination and begins its programme of studying the lunar gravitational field, the magnetic and electrical environment, and photographing the Moon surface
1974 Jun 9After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 25 x 244 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Jun 11After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 171 x 1437 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Jun 13After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 181 x 299 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Oct 2814:30Luna 23 (E-8-5M-410) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 183 x 246 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1974 Oct 2815:40Final stage of Luna 23 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Oct 31Luna 23 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Nov 221:50Luna 23 enters 94 x 104 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 138 degrees inclination
1974 Nov 4Luna 23 rocket engine is used to adjust its orbit around the Moon
1974 Nov 5After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 23 orbit around the Moon is now 17 x 105 kilometres at 138 degrees inclination
1974 Nov 605:31Luna 23 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1974 Nov 605:37Luna 23 lands on the Moon in the Mare Crisium - it is damaged during the landing and the drill is inoperable so it is not possible to retrieve the planned soil sample from 2.5 metres depth
1974 Nov 9Communications with Luna 23 are terminated
1975 Apr 2Owing to the effects of the lunar gravitational field, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 200 x 1409 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination
1975 Aug 24Owing to the effects of the lunar gravitational field, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 30 x 1578 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination
1975 Sep 2After firing its onboard rocket engine for a final time, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 100 x 1286 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination - all propellant is now exhausted
1976 Aug 915:04Luna 24 (E-8-5M-412) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 183 x 246 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1976 Aug 916:14Final stage of Luna 24 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1976 Aug 11Luna 24 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1976 Aug 1323:11Luna 24 fires its rocket engine and enters a 115 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 120 degrees inclination
1976 Aug 16Luna 24 rocket engine is used to adjust its orbit around the Moon
1976 Aug 17After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 24 orbit around the Moon is now 12 x 120 kilometres at 120 degrees inclination
1976 Aug 1806:30Luna 24 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1976 Aug 1806:36Luna 24 lands on the Moon at 12.75 degrees north, 62.20 degrees east in the Mare Crisium, a few hundred metres from Luna 23
1976 Aug 18Luna 24 uses a long, hollow drill to collect a 1.6 metre core sample of the lunar surface - it weighs 170 grammes - it is coiled as it is deposited inside the return craft
1976 Aug 1905:25Luna 24 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1976 Aug 2217:55Luna 24 re-entry capsule touches down 200 kilometres south-east of Surgut
1976 Aug 24The Soviet Union reports that it is still maintaining communication with Luna 24 on the Moon - this is the last formal announcement in the Soviet Luna programme
1977 Nov 11Cosmos 159, a lunar communications and tracking test vehicle, re-enters the Earth atmosphere through the combined effects of air drag and gravity
Zarya - Soviet, Russian and International Spaceflight
The race took on a new form during July 1969 - two technologies came head to head in competition. Even as Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins were orbiting the Moon in Apollo 11, Luna 15 was heading for the surface in an attempt to be the first to bring back the first ever sample of lunar soil. In the event the spacecraft crashed as it tried to land. Even had Luna 15 succeeded, it would not have reached Earth again before the American vehicle, so the honour of carrying back the first lunar sample would still have been Apollo 11's.

DateTime (UTC)Event
1958 Jan 28Sergei Korolyov proposes a programme of lunar exploration missions including impact on the Moon and photographing its surface
1958 Sep 2307:03E-1-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher disintegrates after 93 seconds
1958 Oct 1121:42E-1-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher disintegrates after 42 seconds
1958 Dec 417:18E-1-3 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory - its launcher core-stage rocket engine shuts down after 245 seconds
1959 Jan 216:41Luna 1 (E-1-4) spacecraft, also known as 'Mechta' (Dream) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory
1959 Jan 300:56At a distance of 113,000 kilometres from Earth, the upper stage of Luna 1 launching rocket releases a cloud of sodium vapour, the glow from which is used to aid visual measurement of the trajectory - it is photographed from an observatory near Alma-Ata
1959 Jan 402:59Luna 1 passes 5,995 km from the Moon at a speed near 8,900 kilometres per hour and enters heliocentric orbit, thereby becoming the first artificial planet of the Sun
1959 Jan 406:00Luna 1 is 426,700 kilometres from Earth and 60,400 kilometres beyond the Moon
1959 Jan 419:00Luna 1 is 513,285 kilometres from Earth
1959 Jan 507:00Approx time - Luna 1 radio transmitter ceases to operate when the batteries run out of power at a distance of 600,000 kilometres from the Earth
1959 Jun 1808:08E-1-5 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - a failure of the inertial guidance system 153 seconds after lift-off leads to the rocket being deliberately destroyed
1959 Sep 600:49Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 802:40Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 903:40Scheduled launch attempt for Luna 2 (E-1-6) - the launch is aborted
1959 Sep 1206:39Luna 2 (E-1-6) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory
1959 Sep 1212:00Luna 2 is 126,400 kilometres from Earth above a point to the north of New Guinea
1959 Sep 1218:39En-route to the Moon, the upper stage of Luna 2 launching rocket releases a cloud of sodium vapour, the glow from which is used to aid visual measurement of the trajectory - it is observed in the constellation Aquarius at a stellar magnitude between 4 and 5
1959 Sep 1321:02Luna 2 impacts on the Moon at a speed of three kilometres per second near 30 degrees north, 1 degree west, in the Palus Putredinis
1959 Sep 1321:32Approximate time - Luna 2 final rocket stage impacts on the Moon
1959 Oct 400:43Luna 3 (E-2A-1) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to fly past and photograph the Moon by way of direct ascent trajectory.
1959 Oct 614:16Luna 3 passes 6,200 km from the Moon
1959 Oct 703:30Luna 3 photographs the hidden side of the Moon from an altitude of 65,200 km altitude - its camera system takes a series of 29 photographs over a period 40 minutes, covering 70% of the surface - film is developed automatically aboard the spacecraft and is then scanned to allow radio transmission of the images
1959 Oct 10Luna 3 reaches a distance of 480,000 kilometres from the Earth
1959 Oct 18Luna 3 is back in the vicinity of Earth and transmits 17 of its photographs in facsimile format - a later attempt at re-transmission fails when signals are not received
1959 Oct 1815:50Luna 3 completes its first orbit of the Earth-Moon system
1960 Mar 29Combined gravitational effects on the trajectory of Luna 3 cause it to re-enter the Earth atmosphere where it is destroyed by frictional heating. It has completed 11 revolutions around the center of the Earth-Moon system (the barycentre)
1960 Apr 1515:06E-3-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - under-performance of the final rocket stage means that it has insufficient velocity to reach the Moon
1960 Apr 16E-3-1 spacecraft reaches a distance of 200,000 kilometres from the Earth and then falls back
1960 Apr 16E-3-1 spacecraft re-enters the Earth atmosphere where it is destroyed by frictional heating
1960 Apr 1916:07E-3-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on a mission to hit the Moon by way of a direct ascent trajectory - the launcher breaks up just after lift-off due to incorrect thrust from one of its strap-on boosters
1963 Jan 408:49E-6-1 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into low orbit around the Earth at 64.9 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1963 Jan 409:55E-6-1 lunar spacecraft final stage rocket engine fails to fire, leaving it stranded in Earth orbit
1963 Jan 5E-6-1 lunar spacecraft re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating.
1963 Feb 309:29E-6-2 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface but control of the rocket is lost 295 seconds after lift-off and it is destroyed.
1963 Apr 208:16Luna 4 (E-6-3) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1963 Apr 209:34Final stage of Luna 4 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1963 Apr 3Luna 4 rocket engine fails to fire for a trajectory correction so the spacecraft stays on a course which will miss the Moon
1963 Apr 601:26Luna 4 passes 8,336 kilometres from the Moon - it enters barycentric orbit at distances ranging between 89,250 and 694,000 kilometres from Earth
1963 May 908:56Final stage of Luna 5 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1964 Mar 2108:15E-6-4 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land on the lunar surface but problems with the third-stage of its rocket prevent it from reaching orbit
1964 Apr 2008:08E-6-5 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination. It mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface - it fails to reach orbit
1965 Mar 1209:36Cosmos 60 (lunar spacecraft E-6-9) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 195 x 248 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.7 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface but the final stage rocket engine fails to fire, leaving it stranded in Earth orbit
1965 Apr 10E-6-8 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 65 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land on the lunar surface but problems with the third-stage of its rocket prevent it from reaching orbit
1965 May 907:49Luna 5 (E-6-10) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 150 x 225 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 May 1219:10Luna 5 retro-rocket fails to fire and it crashes onto the Moon near 31 degrees South, 8 degrees West, in the Mare Nubium area, and a 220 x 80 kilometre dust cloud, which lasts for ten minutes, is noted by an observatory at Rodeswich in Germany - touchdown was planned for 19:15
1965 May 17Cosmos 60 re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1965 Jun 807:40Luna 6 (E-6-7) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 170 x 250 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Jun 808:47Final stage of Luna 6 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Jun 9Luna 6 rocket engine fails to shut down as planned at the end of a course-correction manoeuvre so all fuel is exhausted - the spacecraft is consequently in a trajectory which causes it to miss the Moon
1965 Jun 1117:00Luna 6 passes 159,613 kilometres from the Moon - it may have gone into orbit around the Sun
1965 Jul 1814:38Zond 3 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 164 x 210 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees inclination - it mission is an engineering test of an interplanetary spacecraft
1965 Jul 1923:40Zond 3 passes 9,200 kilometres behind the Moon and takes a series of 25 photographs of the far side and later transmits them to Earth - it then continues into orbit around the Sun
1965 Oct 407:56Luna 7 (E-6-11) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 129 x 286 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 64.8 degrees - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Oct 409:03Final stage of Luna 7 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Oct 5Luna 7 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Oct 722:08Luna 7 retro-rocket fires early and after it shuts down, the spacecraft gathers speed and is destroyed as it crashes onto the Moon near 9 degrees north, 40 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1965 Dec 310:46Luna 8 (E-6-12) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 170 x 250 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1965 Dec 311:53Final stage of Luna 8 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Dec 4Luna 8 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1965 Dec 621:51Luna 8 retro-rocket fires late and the spacecraft is destroyed as it crashes onto the Moon near 9.1 degrees north, 63.3 degrees west in the Oceanus procellarum - although the landing is a failure, the mission completes the experimental development of a stellar-orientation system and methods of controlling from the Earth of radio equipment, flight trajectory measuring equipment and other instrumentation
1966 Jan 301:40Approx time - Cosmos 111 re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1966 Jan 3111:41Luna 9 (E-6M) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 167 x 219 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1966 Jan 3112:48Final stage of Luna 9 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Feb 119:29Luna 9 rocket engine is fired for 48 seconds in order to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Feb 318:44Luna 9 soft lands on the Moon surface at 7.13 degrees north, 60.36 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1966 Feb 401:50Luna 9 transmits the first of three series of TV pictures over a period of 107 minutes which are then assembled into a panoramic view of the landing site
1966 Feb 414:00Luna 9 transmits the first of second series of TV pictures over a period of 174 minutes which are then assembled into a panoramic view of the landing site - they reveal that Luna 9 has shifted its position slightly which permits a stereoscopic view to be built up
1966 Feb 620:37Luna 9 transmits three further series of TV pictures over a period of 138 minutes
1966 Feb 622:55Luna 9 final radio transmission ceases when its batteries are exhausted - it has been in radio contact with Earth for a total of 8 hours and 5 minutes over its three-day period of operation and has returned a total of 27 individual photographs of the lunar surface
1966 Mar 111:03Cosmos 111 (E-6S-204) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 182 x 194 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to enter orbit around the Moon but loss of control of the final rocket stage whilst still in orbit around the Earth prevents its engine from being fired
1966 Mar 3110:46Luna 10 (E-6S-206) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 190 x 220 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Mar 3111:53Final stage of Luna 10 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Apr 1Luna 10 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Apr 318:44Luna 10 fires its retro-rocket for 57s with engine shutdown at 18:45:39 UTC, resulting in a 350 x 1,017 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 67° 9' 37" inclination
1966 Apr 319:00Luna 10 Immediately on completion of the engine firing, an instrumented payload compartment separates from the flight vehicle and begins its mission to study gamma-radiation, electric and magnetic fields, micro-meteoroids, the solar wind, infrared emissions from the Moon itself, and radiation conditions in the lunar environment
1966 Apr 3Luna 10 transmits a sythesised rendering of the song 'Internationale' - it is relayed to the Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union where it is played to the delegates
1966 May 30Luna 10 radio transmitters are switched off when battery power becomes too low after 460 orbits around the Moon, and 219 active data transmissions - its orbit is 378 x 985 kilometres at 72.0 degrees inclination
1966 Aug 2408:03Luna 11 (E-6LF-101) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 195 x 220 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.9 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Aug 2409:10Final stage of Luna 11 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Aug 2619:02Luna 11 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Aug 2821:49Luna 11 enters a 160 v 1,200 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 27 degrees inclination and begins its studies of lunar gamma and X-ray emissions in order to determine the Moon chemical composition, lunar gravitational anomalies, the concentration of meteoroid streams near the Moon and the intensity of hard corpuscular radiation near the Moon - although intended to return photographs of the Moon surface, it fails to do so
1966 Oct 102:03Luna 11 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease after 277 orbits around the Moon and 137 active data transmission s,
1966 Oct 2208:42Luna 12 (E-6LF-102) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into approx 199 x 212 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.9 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon
1966 Oct 2209:45Final stage of Luna 12 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Oct 2319:10Approx time - Luna 12 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Oct 2520:45Approx time - Luna 12 enters a 100 x 1,740 kilometre orbit at 10 degrees inclination and begins its mission of photographing the lunar surface in the area of the likely landing zone of a piloted mission - each photograph contains 1100 scan lines with a maximum resolution of 15-20 metres - it also carries a test version of the electric motor being developed to drive the upcoming Lunokhod lunar rover
1966 Oct 27Luna 12 transmits to Earth its first images of the Moon surface
1966 Dec 2110:16Luna 13 (E-6M-205) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 171 x 223 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to soft land a camera module onto the lunar surface
1966 Dec 2111:23Final stage of Luna 13 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Dec 2218:41Luna 13 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1966 Dec 2417:59Luna 13 fires its retro-rocket
1966 Dec 2418:01Luna 13 soft lands on the Moon surface at 18.87 degrees north, 62.05 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum
1966 Dec 2418:05Luna 13 begins transmitting from the lunar surface
1966 Dec 2418:06An explosive charge forces Luna 13 soil density measuring instrument into the Moon surface
1966 Dec 2513:53Luna 13 transmits its first series of TV pictures
1966 Dec 30Luna 13 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease
1967 Jan 19Luna 12 batteries fail and radio transmissions cease after 602 orbits around the Moon and 302 active data transmission s
1967 May 1621:43Cosmos 159 (E-6LS-111) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket into 208 x 395 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - it mission is to test communications and tracking systems
1967 May 1623:02Final stage of Cosmos 159 launching rocket fired to place it into an orbit of 350 x 60637 kilometres at 51.6 degrees inclination
1968 Feb 710:43E-6LS-112 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by Molniya rocket, aimed for a low orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to test radio communications and spaceraft tracking techniques both en-route and in orbit around the moon in preparation for a piloted lunar mission , but a problem with the launching rocket prevents it from reaching orbit and the spacecraft, together with the upper stages of the rocket, is destroyed as they re-enter the atmosphere
1968 Apr 710:09Luna 14 (E-6LS-113) spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by Molniya rocket, aimed for a low orbit around the Earth at 51.8 degrees inclination - its mission is to test radio communications and spaceraft tracking techniques both en-route and in orbit around the moon in preparation for a piloted lunar mission
1968 Apr 711:16Final stage of Luna 14 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1968 Apr 819:27Luna 14 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1968 Apr 1019:25After reducing its speed from 2190 m/s to 1279 m/s, Luna 14 enters 160 x 270 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 42° inclination. In addition to its test role in connection with the piloted lunar programme, it carries instruments to study the Moon gravitational field and the Earth-Moon gravitational relationship, the solar wind and cosmic rays - it also carries a test version of the electric motor being developed to drive the upcoming Lunokhod lunar rover
1968 May 1000:00Luna 14 passes its 30 day expected mission duration.
1968 Jul 4Luna 14 - final communication with Earth at mission end
1969 Feb 1906:48E-8-201 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land a Lunokhod remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface but the launcher is destroyed by an explosion
1969 Jun 1404:00E-8-5-402 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but it fails to reach orbit after the launcher third stage fails to fire
1969 Jul 1303:14Luna 15 (E-8-5-401) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 182 x 247 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1969 Jul 1304:24Final stage of Luna 15 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1969 Jul 14Luna 15 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1969 Jul 1710:00Luna 15 enters 240 x 870 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 126 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 1913:08Luna 15 rocket engine is fired to change its orbit around the Moon to 95 x 222 kilometres at 126 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 2014:16Luna 15 rocket engine is fired to change its orbit around the Moon to 16 x 110 kilometres at 127 degrees inclination
1969 Jul 2015:47After completing 52 orbits of the Moon and holding 86 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 15 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1969 Jul 2015:51Luna 15 crashes heavily, at 480 kilometres per hour, near 17 degrees north, 60 degrees east, and is destroyed while attempting to land and collect a soil sample for return to Earth - simultaneously, the crew of Apollo 11 is part way through its lunar exploration programme
1969 Sep 2314:07Cosmos 300 (E-8-5-403) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into approx 185 x 200 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but the final stage of the launcher fails to fire, leaving it stranded in orbit around the Earth
1969 Sep 27Cosmos 300, still attached to the fourth stage of its launching rocket, re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1969 Oct 2214:09Cosmos 305 (E-8-5-404) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 175 x 206 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth but the final stage of the launcher fails to fire, leaving it stranded in orbit around the Earth
1969 Oct 2418:05Approx time - Cosmos 305, still attached to the fourth stage of its launching rocket, re-enters the Earth atmosphere and is destroyed by frictional heating
1970 Feb 604:16E-8-5-405 spacecraft launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket towards a low orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth, but the launcher fails and the spacecraft fails to reach orbit
1970 Sep 1213:25Luna 16 (E-8-5-406) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 185 x 241 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1970 Sep 1214:34Final stage of Luna 16 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Sep 13Luna 16 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Sep 1623:38Luna 16 fires its rocket engine and and enters a 110 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 70 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 18After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 16 orbit around the Moon is 15 x 110 kilometres at 70 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 19After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 16 orbit around the Moon is 15 x 106 kilometres at 71 degrees inclination
1970 Sep 2003:06Luna 16 computer takes control of the landing sequence
1970 Sep 2003:41Luna 16 orbit takes it behind the Moon for the last time - radio communication is lost
1970 Sep 2004:31Luna 16 re-appears from behind the Moon and radio communication is re-established
1970 Sep 2005:12Luna 16 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1970 Sep 2005:18Luna 16 lands on the Moon at 0.68 degrees south, 56.30 degrees east in the Mare Foecundatis
1970 Sep 2006:30Luna 16 uses a hollow drill to collect a 35 centimetre long core sample of the lunar surface - the operation takes seven minutes and the sample weighs 101 grammes
1970 Sep 2107:43Luna 16 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1970 Sep 2401:50Luna 16 re-entry capsule separates from its spent rocket stage at a distance of 50,000 kilometres from Earth
1970 Sep 2405:10Luna 16 re-entry capsule hits the upper layers of the atmosphere
1970 Sep 2405:14Luna 16 re-entry capsule deploys its parachute
1970 Sep 2405:26Luna 16 re-entry capsule touches down 80 kilometres south-east of Dzhezhkazgan
1970 Nov 1014:44Luna 17 (E-8-203) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 192 x 237 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land the Lunokhod 1 remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface
1970 Nov 1015:54Final stage of Luna 17 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 12Luna 17 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 14Luna 17 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1970 Nov 1522:00Approx time - Luna 17 enters 85 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 141 degrees inclination
1970 Nov 17After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 17 orbit around the Moon is now 19 x 85 kilometres at 141 degrees inclination
1970 Nov 1703:41Luna 17 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1970 Nov 1703:47Luna 17 lands on the Moon at 38.28 degrees north, 35 degrees wast in the Mare Imbrium
1970 Nov 1704:20Radio links with the Lunokhod 1 moon rover are established for the first time
1970 Nov 1705:31Lunokhod 1 returns its first TV image of the lunar surface
1970 Nov 1706:28Lunokhod 1 descends a pair of ramps on Luna 17 landing stage and moves onto the moon surface
1970 Nov 22Lunokhod 1 is parked for the lunar night, having travelled 197 metres, returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon, and sent back 12 panoramic views during 10 communications sessions, and conducted analyses of the lunar soil - its protective 'lid' which carries a solar panel is closed
1970 Dec 5A laser signal is directed at the French-built laser reflector on Lunokhod 1 and is used to measure the precise distance from the Earth to the Moon
1970 Dec 6A second laser reflection experiment is performed with Lunokhod 1
1970 Dec 9Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge
1970 Dec 10Lunokhod 1 begins its second lunar day experimental programme
1970 Dec 22Lunokhod 1 is parked for its second lunar night, 1,370 metres away from Luna 17, and having travelled a further 1,522 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - its protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jan 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it third lunar day on the Moon
1971 Jan 17Lunokhod 1 has returned to Luna 17 and photographs the spacecraft lander on the lunar surface
1971 Jan 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled a further 1,936 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Feb 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fourth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Feb 19Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,573 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements and its protective 'lid' is closed - it has reached the end of its originally-planned life
1971 Mar 9Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fifth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Mar 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fifth lunar night, having travelled a further 2,004 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Apr 8Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it sixth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Apr 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its sixth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,029 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 May 7Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it seventh lunar day on the Moon
1971 May 20Lunokhod 1 is parked for its seventh lunar night, having travelled a further 197 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jun 5Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it eighth lunar day on the Moon - it workload has been 'lightened' owing to the age of its systems
1971 Jun 18Lunokhod 1 is parked for its eighth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,559 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Jul 4Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it ninth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Jul 17Lunokhod 1 is parked for its ninth lunar night, having travelled a further 220 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Aug 3Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it tenth lunar day on the Moon
1971 Aug 16Lunokhod 1 is parked for its tenth lunar night, having travelled a further 215 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Aug 31Lunokhod 1 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it eleventh lunar day on the Moon
1971 Sep 213:40Luna 18 (E-8-5-407) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 193 x 227 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1971 Sep 214:50Final stage of Luna 18 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 302:00Visual observations from the Shamakhin Observatory in Azerbaijan are used to measure Luna 18trajectory at a distance of 100,000 kilometres
1971 Sep 4Luna 18 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 6Luna 18 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 721:00Luna 18 fires its rocket engine to enter 101 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 35 degrees inclination
1971 Sep 11After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 18 orbit around the Moon is now 18 x 100 kilometres at 35 degrees inclination
1971 Sep 1107:42After completing 54 orbits of the Moon and holding 85 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 18 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1971 Sep 1107:48Luna 18 lands on the Moon at 3.57 degrees north, 56.50 degrees east in the Mare Foecundatis - the ruggedness of the terrain causes it either to land at an awkward angle or to topple over - radio communication is lost
1971 Sep 15Lunokhod 1 is parked for its eleventh lunar night, having travelled a further 88 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1971 Sep 2810:00Luna 19 (E-8LS-202) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 172 x 260 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and study the surface
1971 Sep 2811:10Final stage of Luna 19 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Sep 29Luna 19 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Oct 1Luna 19 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1971 Oct 2Luna 19 enters 140 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 40.6 degrees inclination and begins its programme of studying the lunar gravitational field, the magnetic and electrical environment, and photographing the Moon surface
1971 Oct 4On the anniversary of the launch of the first Sputnik', Lunokhod 1 is officially declared 'dead', having failed to respond to radio instructions for its revival - it has traveled 10,540 m and transmitted over 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas, as well as conducting over 500 lunar soil tests
1971 Oct 6After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 19 orbit around the Moon is now 127 x 135 kilometres at 40.6 degrees inclination
1971 Nov 28After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 19 orbit around the Moon is now 77 x 385 kilometres at 40.7 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 1403:27Luna 20 (E-8-5-408) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 191 x 238 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1972 Feb 1404:37Final stage of Luna 20 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1972 Feb 15Luna 20 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1972 Feb 1812:15Approx time - Luna 20 enters 100 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 65 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 19After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 20 orbit around the Moon is now 21 x 100 kilometres at 65 degrees inclination
1972 Feb 2117:13After completing 54 orbits of the Moon and holding 85 communications sessions with the Earth,Luna 20 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1972 Feb 2117:19Luna 20 lands on the Moon at 3.53 degrees north, 56.55 degrees east in the Appolonius Highlands - 1.8 kilometres from where Luna 18 was lost
1972 Feb 21Luna 20 uses a hollow drill to collect a core sample of the lunar surface - it weighs 35 grammes
1972 Feb 2222:58Luna 20 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1972 Feb 2519:12Luna 20 re-entry capsule touches down 40 kilometres north-west of Dzhezhkazgan at 48 degrees north, 67.57 degrees east
1972 Feb 26Search teams reach and retrieve Luna 20 re-entry capsule
1972 Oct 3The Soviet Union announces that Luna 19 is nearing the end of its mission as its onboard systems have deteriorated through age and exposure to space, and propellant for the attitude control system is running low
1973 Jan 806:55Luna 21 (E-8-204) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 190 x 235 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.6 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land the Lunokhod 2 remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface
1973 Jan 808:05Final stage of Luna 21 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1973 Jan 9Luna 21 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1973 Jan 1214:25Approx time - Luna 21 enters 90 x 110 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 60 degrees inclination
1973 Jan 13Luna 21 rocket engine is used to lower the perilune (lowest height above the Moon) of its orbit
1973 Jan 14After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 21 orbit around the Moon is now 16 x 110 kilometres at 60 degrees inclination
1973 Jan 1522:29Luna 21 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1973 Jan 1522:35After completing 40 orbits of the Moon, Luna 21 lands at 28.85 degrees north, 30.45 degrees in the Le Monnier crater at the eastern edge of the Mare Serenitatis
1973 Jan 1601:14Lunokhod 2 descends a pair of ramps on Luna 21 landing stage and moves onto the moon surface - it travels 30 metres from Luna 21 and is parked
1973 Jan 18Lunokhod 2 is moved to a position where it can take TV pictures of Luna 21 and the area around it before setting out on its travels
1973 Jan 24Lunokhod 2 is parked for its first lunar night, having travelled 1,260 metres and carried out a programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Feb 8Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it second lunar day on the Moon
1973 Feb 23Lunokhod 2 is parked for its second lunar night, having travelled 9,086 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Mar 11Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it third lunar day on the Moon
1973 Mar 23Lunokhod 2 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled 16,533 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 Apr 9Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fourth lunar day on the Moon
1973 Apr 22Lunokhod 2 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled 8,600 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it protective 'lid' is closed
1973 May 8Lunokhod 2 'lid' is opened and its batteries begin to charge prior to it fifth lunar day on the Moon
1973 Jun 3Lunokhod 2 is officially declared 'dead', having travelled a further 880 metres (it probably ceased to operate at least two weeks earlier, during the lunar day) - it has traveled a total of 37 kilometres and transmitted over 80,000 TV pictures and 86 TV panoramas, as well as conducting over 700 lunar soil tests
1974 May 2908:56Luna 22 (E-8LS-206) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 187 x 226 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and study the surface
1974 May 2910:06Final stage of Luna 22 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1974 May 30Luna 22 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Jun 2Luna 22 enters a 219 x 244 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 19.6 degrees inclination and begins its programme of studying the lunar gravitational field, the magnetic and electrical environment, and photographing the Moon surface
1974 Jun 9After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 25 x 244 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Jun 11After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 171 x 1437 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Jun 13After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 181 x 299 kilometres at 19.6 degrees inclination
1974 Oct 2814:30Luna 23 (E-8-5M-410) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 183 x 246 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1974 Oct 2815:40Final stage of Luna 23 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Oct 31Luna 23 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1974 Nov 221:50Luna 23 enters 94 x 104 kilometre orbit around the Moon at 138 degrees inclination
1974 Nov 4Luna 23 rocket engine is used to adjust its orbit around the Moon
1974 Nov 5After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 23 orbit around the Moon is now 17 x 105 kilometres at 138 degrees inclination
1974 Nov 605:31Luna 23 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1974 Nov 605:37Luna 23 lands on the Moon in the Mare Crisium - it is damaged during the landing and the drill is inoperable so it is not possible to retrieve the planned soil sample from 2.5 metres depth
1974 Nov 9Communications with Luna 23 are terminated
1975 Apr 2Owing to the effects of the lunar gravitational field, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 200 x 1409 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination
1975 Aug 24Owing to the effects of the lunar gravitational field, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 30 x 1578 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination
1975 Sep 2After firing its onboard rocket engine for a final time, Luna 22 orbit around the Moon is now 100 x 1286 kilometres at 21 degrees inclination - all propellant is now exhausted
1976 Aug 915:04Luna 24 (E-8-5M-412) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 183 x 246 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon, then land and return a soil sample to Earth
1976 Aug 916:14Final stage of Luna 24 launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon
1976 Aug 11Luna 24 rocket engine is used to correct its trajectory towards the Moon
1976 Aug 1323:11Luna 24 fires its rocket engine and enters a 115 kilometre circular orbit around the Moon at 120 degrees inclination
1976 Aug 16Luna 24 rocket engine is used to adjust its orbit around the Moon
1976 Aug 17After firing its onboard rocket engine, Luna 24 orbit around the Moon is now 12 x 120 kilometres at 120 degrees inclination
1976 Aug 1806:30Luna 24 fires its rocket engine and begins its descent towards a landing on the Moon surface
1976 Aug 1806:36Luna 24 lands on the Moon at 12.75 degrees north, 62.20 degrees east in the Mare Crisium, a few hundred metres from Luna 23
1976 Aug 18Luna 24 uses a long, hollow drill to collect a 1.6 metre core sample of the lunar surface - it weighs 170 grammes - it is coiled as it is deposited inside the return craft
1976 Aug 1905:25Luna 24 return stage fires its rocket motor and begins its journey back to Earth
1976 Aug 2217:55Luna 24 re-entry capsule touches down 200 kilometres south-east of Surgut
1976 Aug 24The Soviet Union reports that it is still maintaining communication with Luna 24 on the Moon - this is the last formal announcement in the Soviet Luna programme
1977 Nov 11Cosmos 159, a lunar communications and tracking test vehicle, re-enters the Earth atmosphere through the combined effects of air drag and gravity

Soviet Moon Images

Russian probes returned the first images of the Lunar far side and the first images from the Lunar surface. While a manned landing was never accomplished, the final phase of Soviet exploration included a number of impressive robotic missions, returning samples and roving the surface. (Click on images to see full-sized versions)

Luna-3

On October 7, 1959, Luna-3 returned the first images of the hidden side of the Moon. Using aphototelevision camera, pairs of images were simultaneously exposed through 200mm and 500mm lenses. The Luna-3 camera was developed by P.F. Bratslavets and I.A. Rosselevich at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Television. The images were processed and analyzed by Iu.N. Lipskii and his team at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute.The camera held 40 frames of film, and 15 images (frames 26 to 40) were received via frequency-modulated analog video. Frames 39 and 40 may have contained calibration patterns. The full moon appears to have very little detailed texture, because the lunar mountains and terrain casts no shadows when lit from overhead. A special thanks to Dr. Vladislav Shevchenko at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute for making scans of the original film recordings for me. Blank frames indicate images that I do not have yet:
Luna-3 Frame 26Frame 26Luna-3 Frame 27Frame 27Luna-3 Frame 28Frame 28

Soviet Moon Images

Russian probes returned the first images of the Lunar far side and the first images from the Lunar surface. While a manned landing was never accomplished, the final phase of Soviet exploration included a number of impressive robotic missions, returning samples and roving the surface. (Click on images to see full-sized versions)

Luna-3

On October 7, 1959, Luna-3 returned the first images of the hidden side of the Moon. Using aphototelevision camera, pairs of images were simultaneously exposed through 200mm and 500mm lenses. The Luna-3 camera was developed by P.F. Bratslavets and I.A. Rosselevich at the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Television. The images were processed and analyzed by Iu.N. Lipskii and his team at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute.The camera held 40 frames of film, and 15 images (frames 26 to 40) were received via frequency-modulated analog video. Frames 39 and 40 may have contained calibration patterns. The full moon appears to have very little detailed texture, because the lunar mountains and terrain casts no shadows when lit from overhead. A special thanks to Dr. Vladislav Shevchenko at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute for making scans of the original film recordings for me. Blank frames indicate images that I do not have yet:
Luna-3 Frame 26Frame 26Luna-3 Frame 27Frame 27Luna-3 Frame 28Frame 28

On February 3, 1966, Luna-9 became the first spacecraft to land on the Moon. On February 4 and 5, it transmitted 3 cycloramic panoramas from an optical-mechanical camera. The camera was developed by A.S. Selivanov and his team at the Institute of Space Device Engineering, and the results were analyzed at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute and by A.I. Lebedinskii at Moscow University. The images were transmitted as analog FM video signals at one stroke per second over a 250 Hz subcarrier (equivalent to 500 pixels/line).http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna.phpZarya - Soviet, Russian and International Spaceflight

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EIC050-2.GIF
JSC-1, a lunar soil simulant, was developed and characterized under the auspices of the NASA Johnson Space Center. This simulant was produced in large quantities to satisfy the requirements of a variety of scientific and engineering investigations. JSC-1 is derived from volcanic ash of basaltic composition, which has been ground, sized, and placed into storage. The simulant's chemical composition, mineralogy, particle size distribution, specific gravity, angle of internal friction, and cohesion have been characterized and fall within the ranges of lunar mare soil samples. ...(read more)

  1. Jump up^ Lunochod's chief designer is dead (250). Cosmic Mirror. March 6, 2003.
  2. Jump up to:a b Bleicher, Ariel (August 2010). "Forgotten Soviet Moon Rover Beams Light Back to Earth"IEEE Spectrum.
  3. Jump up^ "Космическая энциклопедия" (in Russian). September 18, 2008.
  4. Jump up to:a b c "Tank on the Moon"The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. December 6, 2007. CBC-TV.[dead link]
  5. Jump up^ Karacalıoğlu, Göktuğ (January 6, 2014). "Energy Resources for Space Missions"Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  6. Jump up^ "Den ryska månbilen" (in Swedish). Vetenskapens värld. 11 February 2008. SVT2.[dead link]
  7. Jump up^ "Moon applications". Synlube Lube-4-Life.
  8. Jump up^ Harvey, Brian. Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. p. 280. ISBN 9780387218960. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  9. Jump up^ Chaikin, Andy (February–March 2004). "The Other Moon Landings"Air & Space.
  10. Jump up^ "Lunokhod 1 Panoramas"planetology.ru. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  11. Jump up^ Wall, Mike (July 11, 2013). "NASA Moon Probe Helps Revise Off-Planet Driving Record | Lunokhod 2"Space.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  12. Jump up^ "Public Events Mark Mars Rovers' Five-Year Anniversary" (Press release). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 12, 2009.
  13. Jump up^ http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=8415
  14. Jump up^ http://cabinet-of-wonders.blogspot.com/2009/02/lunokhod-and-art-of-space.html
  15. Jump up^ http://www.liquida.com/focus/2011/03/16/chernobyl-fukushima-russia-nuclear-energy/
  16. Jump up^ http://ja-jp.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150129431363534
  17. Jump up^ Stooke, P.J. (2005). "Lunar laser ranging and the location of Lunokhod 1" (PDF). Lunar & Planetary Science XXXVI.
  18. Jump up^ David, Leonard (March 27, 2006). "Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft". SPACE.com.
  19. Jump up^ Lakdawalla, Emily (March 17, 2010). "And now for Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1". Planetary Report.
  20. Jump up^ "LROC Observation M114185541R". Arizona State University.
  21. Jump up^ Kluger, Jeffrey (April 1994). "The Bloc on the Block"Discover magazine.
  22. Jump up^ Sotheby's Catalogue - Russian Space History, Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993
  23. Jump up^ Yans, Cindy (April 13, 2001). "Lord British, we hardly knew ye"Computer Games Magazine. via Demiurg.net.
  24. Jump up^ "The Astronaut's Son's Secret Sputnik". CollectSPACE. October 2, 2007.
  25. Jump up^ Garriott, Owen (December 10, 2007). Sputnik: 50 Years, One Month, Two Weeks Later. Interview with Seth Shostak. Are We Alone. SETI Institute.
  • Vinogradov, A. P., ed. (1971). Peredvizhnaya Laboratoriya na Lune Lunokhod-1. Tom 1 (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
  • Barsukov, V. L., ed. (1978). Peredvizhnaya Laboratoriya na Lune Lunokhod-1. Tom 2 (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.

External links[edit]

 Media related to Lunokhod program at Wikimedia Commons